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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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091889
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09188900.013
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1990-09-17
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RELIGION, Page 67Land or Life: A Biblical DilemmaA rabbinical debate erupts over Israel's occupation
Ever since its military triumph of 1967, Israel has treated
the status of the occupied areas of the West Bank and the Gaza
Strip mainly as a political issue. In the past few weeks, however,
Israeli control over the 1.8 million Arabs living in those areas
has provoked an impassioned debate among some of the country's most
prominent religious leaders. Underlying the debate are the moral
dilemmas posed by the intifadeh, the 21-month Palestinian uprising,
during which 550 Arabs and 36 Jews have been slain.
The current controversy was sparked by Ovadia Yosef, 67, who
retired in 1983 as one of Israel's two Chief Rabbis. After meeting
in Egypt with President Hosni Mubarak in July, Yosef implied that
Israeli withdrawal from the occupied areas would be justifiable.
Five days later, he was rebuked by Israel's current Chief Rabbis
Mordechai Eliahu and Avraham Shapiro. Since 1948, said their
statement, most rabbis have deemed it a biblical commandment to
preserve what they believe to be the God-given Eretz Yisrael (Land
of Israel). "We should not abandon it," concluded the Chief Rabbis,
"because of Arab murderers' threats of bloodshed."
Rather than backing down, Yosef stirred a nationwide uproar by
challenging the Chief Rabbis in a major address. To prepare for
the speech, he consulted military experts of various views,
including Israel's present and former Defense Ministers. In Yosef's
opinion, the land-holding tenet is overridden by the precept of
pikuach nefesh (preservation of life), under which, for example,
Jews may labor on the Sabbath in order to save a life. "If
returning territories would endanger Jewish lives, it is certainly
forbidden," said Yosef. "But if returning territories would prevent
bloodshed and bring a true peace," he argued, pikuach nefesh
applies.
The debate is essentially a battle of the Bible texts. A
classic verse underlying pikuach nefesh is Deuteronomy 30:19: "I
have put before you life and death, blessing and curse. Choose life
-- if you and your offspring would live -- by loving the Lord your
God." Those who side with the Chief Rabbis on preserving the land
cite Bible passages such as Numbers 33:53: "And you shall take
possession of the land and settle in it, for I have given the land
to you to possess it."
Though Yosef's is a minority view among religious Israelis, he
has drawn support from some dovish Orthodox rabbis. Jerusalem's
Alexander Carlebach, for one, doubts that ancient sages would have
insisted on the land-holding precept if it meant "incorporation of
a strong, alien element in a Jewish state, thus endangering its
Jewish character; the continuation of war and rebellion, with its
inevitable cost of life and limb; and the moral dilemma of imposing
our rule on an unwilling population." On the other side, defenders
of the Chief Rabbis' policy argue that in Jewish tradition, the
life-preserving principle applies to individuals, not a nation.
Political scientist Emanuel Gutmann of Hebrew University notes
that in biblical times, "the Jews never controlled the (whole) of
the Land of Israel . . . So there is nothing that says it should
be forever and forever under Israeli control." Fortunately for
Middle East peace prospects, there are no rabbis who advocate that
Israel reach beyond its present borders to recapture all Eretz
Yisrael as defined in the Bible. That full land claim encompassed
not only the West Bank and Gaza but also chunks of present-day
Lebanon, Syria and Jordan.